1A person who teaches or instructs (e.g., at a school, dojo); a teacher or instructor.
私の日本語の先生は毎回詳しく文法を説明してくれます。
My Japanese teacher explains grammar in detail every time.
小学校の先生は子どもたちの世話もします。
An elementary school teacher also takes care of the children.
ピアノの先生に週に一度レッスンを受けています。
I take piano lessons from a teacher once a week.
剣道の先生は礼儀をとても大切に教える。
The kendo instructor places a lot of importance on teaching etiquette.
2An honorific title or form of address used to show respect (e.g., for teachers, masters, doctors, lawyers); often used as a suffix (〜sensei).
山田先生、疑問点があるのですがよろしいですか?
Professor Yamada, I have a question — is now a good time?
具合が悪いので、主治医の先生に診てもらった。
I felt unwell, so I saw my doctor.
税理士の先生に確定申告をお願いした。
I asked the tax accountant (先生) to handle my tax return.
3A familiar or teasing form of address used jokingly among friends (calling someone 'sensei' ironically or affectionately).
彼は何でも知ってるから、みんなから『先生』って呼ばれているよ。
He seems to know everything, so everyone jokingly calls him 'sensei'.
料理が上手な友達に冗談で『料理の先生』と言った。
I jokingly called my friend who cooks well 'the cooking teacher'.
4An archaic meaning: one’s elder or senior. This original usage is largely obsolete in modern Japanese.
古文には『先生』が年長者を意味する例がある(現代語では稀)。
In classical texts, 'sensei' sometimes means an elder (rare in modern usage).