Traditionally, being accomplished in both literary/academic learning and martial/military arts; an ideal of balanced cultivation.
武士は文武両道を身につけることが望まれた。
Samurai were expected to cultivate both literary and martial skills.
文武両道の精神は古典にもよく出てくる。
The spirit of bunburyodo often appears in classical texts.
彼は文武両道を理想とする教育を受けた。
He received an education that valued both academics and martial skills.
In modern usage, often refers to doing well in both academics (school) and sports/physical activities.
彼女は勉強も運動も得意で、まさに文武両道だ。
She is good at both studying and sports — truly well-rounded.
その高校は文武両道を重視している。
That high school emphasizes both academics and athletics.
文武両道を目標に、毎日練習と勉強を続けている。
Aiming for balance in academics and sports, I continue to practice and study daily.