To receive or take something from someone—to be given something.
友達に本をもらった。
I received a book from a friend.
誕生日に新しい時計をもらった。
I got a new watch for my birthday.
この資料は無料でもらえますか？
Can I get this material for free?
Auxiliary meaning 'to have someone do something for you'—used after a verb in the -te form (e.g., してもらう).
先生に作文を直してもらった。
I had the teacher correct my essay.
友達に駅まで送ってもらった。
A friend gave me a ride to the station.
母にご飯を作ってもらった。
My mother made a meal for me.
To receive (a blow, criticism, etc.)—colloquially used to say one 'takes' a hit or suffers something.
試合でパンチを何発ももらった。
He took several punches in the match.
会議で厳しい指摘をもらって落ち込んだ。
I got some harsh criticism at the meeting and felt down.
To catch or contract an illness—colloquially used to mean getting a disease from someone.
電車で風邪をもらってしまった。
I caught a cold on the train.
子どもが友達から水疱瘡をもらった。
The child caught chickenpox from a friend.