1A noun/suffix derived from the masu-stem of the verb 過ぎる ('to pass'), meaning 'just after' or 'past' a given time, age, or point. Typical patterns: time of day (5時過ぎ 'a bit past 5', 12時過ぎ, 正午過ぎ), age (60歳過ぎ 'past 60', 中年過ぎ), or seasonal markers (お盆過ぎ 'after Obon', 梅雨過ぎ 'after the rainy season'). The key nuance is approximation — not pinpoint 5:00 but somewhere just after — and the word is everywhere in everyday speech, email, and schedules.
もう12時過ぎだから、そろそろお昼を食べに行こう。
It's already past noon — let's head out for lunch.
父はもう60過ぎだが、毎朝ジョギングをしている。
My dad is past 60 already, but he still jogs every morning.
約束の時間を10分過ぎても、彼は現れなかった。
Even ten minutes past our meeting time, he still hadn't shown up.
お盆過ぎになると、急に風が涼しくなる。
Once Obon has passed, the wind suddenly turns cool.
2A noun-forming suffix attached to a verb's masu-stem or an adjective's stem, meaning 'doing too much' / 'excessive ~'. Common patterns: masu-stem + 過ぎ (食べ過ぎ 'overeating', 飲み過ぎ 'drinking too much', 働き過ぎ 'overwork', 言い過ぎ 'going too far in what you said', やり過ぎ 'overdoing it'); adjective-stem + 過ぎ (甘過ぎ 'too sweet', 高過ぎ 'too expensive'). Easiest understood as the noun form of the N4 grammar point ~すぎる ('to do too much'). Especially frequent when talking about food/drink, health, and relationships. Both 過ぎ (kanji) and すぎ (kana) are common.
昨日は食べ過ぎでお腹が痛い。
I ate too much yesterday and my stomach hurts.
飲み過ぎないように気をつけてくださいね。
Please be careful not to drink too much.
働き過ぎで倒れてしまう人も少なくない。
There are quite a few people who collapse from overwork.
「バカ」は言い過ぎだったかな、ごめん。
Saying 'idiot' was probably going too far — sorry.
心配のしすぎは体に毒だよ。
Worrying too much is bad for you.