1To obtain, acquire, or gain something (a thing, benefit, experience). When referring to catching game or winning a prize/title, it is often written 獲る.
彼は留学で多くの貴重な経験を得た。
He gained a lot of valuable experience from studying abroad.
奨学金を得るために必要な書類を揃えた。
I prepared the necessary documents to obtain the scholarship.
猟師は山で大きな鹿を獲ることができた。
The hunter was able to catch a large deer in the mountains.
2To understand or grasp the meaning or point of something — most often seen in the set phrase 要領を得ない ('to not make sense / be unclear'); a somewhat literary usage.
彼の説明は要領を得ず、結局何を言いたいのか分からなかった。
His explanation didn't make sense, and in the end I couldn't tell what he was trying to say.
彼女の話はいつも要領を得ていて分かりやすい。
Her explanations always get straight to the point and are easy to understand.
3To receive something undesirable, such as a punishment or an illness (e.g., 'to incur disciplinary action' or 'to fall ill') — a somewhat literary usage.
不正が発覚し、彼は会社から厳しい処分を得た。
When his wrongdoing was discovered, he received severe disciplinary action from the company.
彼は無理を重ねた末に、重い病を得て入院した。
After pushing himself too hard for too long, he came down with a serious illness and was hospitalized.
4An auxiliary verb usage indicating possibility (in constructions like ～し得る / ～しうる), meaning 'could/ may be able to / it is possible that...'; commonly used in written language.
考え得る限りの対策はすべて講じた。
We have taken every measure imaginable.
その問題は将来再び起こり得る。
That problem could occur again in the future.