Counters
In Japanese, you cannot simply say "two apples". You must use a counter (classifier) appropriate for the object's shape or semantic category.
Pronunciation Rules (Sound Changes)
Occurs with 1, 6, 8, 10.Ex: 1本 (いっぽん), 6匹 (ろっぴき)
Occurs with 3 and "how many" (何).Ex: 3本 (さんぼん), 何本 (なんぼん)
Occurs with 1, 6, 8, 10.Ex: 1回 (いっかい), 6個 (ろっこ)
Occurs with 1, 8, 10.Ex: 1歳 (いっさい), 8冊 (はっさつ)
Master List
General
For abstract objects or when no specific counter exists.
Small Objects
For small, round, or compact objects.
People
Counting people.
Long Objects
Cylindrical objects.
Flat Objects
Flat, thin objects.
Cups/Bowls
Cups of drink, bowls of food.
Floors
Building floors.
Books
Bound volumes, books, magazines.
Machines
Cars, computers, large mechanical objects.
Number / Ordinal Rank
Rank, numbers, order.
Portions
Food portions.
Small Animals
Cats, dogs, fish, insects.
Large Animals
Cows, horses, elephants.
Birds / Rabbits
Birds and rabbits.
Footwear
Pairs of shoes, socks.
Frequency (Times)
Number of times, occurrences.
Houses
Houses, buildings.
Age
Years old.
Clothes / Arrival Order
Suits, dresses, or order of arrival.